Vitamin K Deficiency: Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Introduction

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health. Deficiency can lead to excessive bleeding and other complications.

Etiology of Vitamin K Deficiency

Causes

• Insufficient dietary intake
• Malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease)
• Prolonged antibiotic use disrupting gut microbiota
• Liver diseases affecting vitamin K metabolism

Risk Factors

• Newborns with immature gut flora
• Patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition
• Individuals taking anticoagulants

Symptoms of Vitamin K Deficiency

• Easy bruising
• Prolonged bleeding from wounds
• Internal bleeding (hematuria, gastrointestinal hemorrhage)
• Increased risk of osteoporosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests include prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR). Abnormal results indicate clotting issues.

Treatment

Vitamin K supplementation via oral or intravenous routes. Dietary adjustments to include vitamin K-rich foods like leafy greens.

Prevention

Maintaining a balanced diet, regular medical check-ups, and monitoring medication interactions can prevent deficiency.

Conclusion

Vitamin K deficiency can have serious consequences. Early detection and proper management help maintain health.