Vitamin E Deficiency: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Vitamin E deficiency is a medical condition characterized by insufficient levels of vitamin E, an essential antioxidant crucial for neurological function, immune support, and cellular protection. The deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, or genetic disorders affecting vitamin E transport.

Etiology

Vitamin E deficiency can be caused by:

• Malabsorption disorders (e.g., Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis)
• Abetalipoproteinemia – a genetic disorder impairing fat absorption
• Premature birth (infants with low birth weight are at higher risk)
• Prolonged fat-free diets

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency primarily affect neurological functions, including:

• Peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling, muscle weakness)
• Ataxia (loss of coordination and balance)
• Retinopathy leading to vision impairment
• Immune dysfunction, making individuals susceptible to infections

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves various assessments:

• Serum Alpha-Tocopherol Levels – Blood tests measuring vitamin E concentrations
• Neurological Assessments – Evaluation of reflexes, coordination, and motor functions
• Genetic Testing – Identification of hereditary conditions impairing vitamin E metabolism

Treatment

Treatment focuses on restoring vitamin E levels and preventing further complications:

• Vitamin E supplementation (oral or intravenous) based on severity
• Dietary modifications including consumption of nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy greens
• Management of underlying conditions that affect absorption