Types of Neural Tube Defects and Their Embryological Basis

Introduction

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital anomalies resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryogenesis. These defects can lead to severe neurological impairments.

Types of Neural Tube Defects

Spina Bifida

Characterized by the incomplete closure of the vertebral arches, spina bifida can manifest as occulta (mild form) or cystica (severe form).

Anencephaly

A fatal condition in which there is incomplete development of the brain and skull, often leading to stillbirth.

Encephalocele

A protrusion of brain tissue through a skull defect, often associated with developmental delays and other neurological deficits.

Embryological Basis

NTDs occur due to failure in neural tube closure between the third and fourth weeks of gestation, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Preventive Measures

Role of Folic Acid

Supplementation with folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of NTDs.

Prenatal Screening

Ultrasound and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening aid in early detection of NTDs, allowing for better parental counseling and intervention.

Conclusion

Neural tube defects pose significant challenges but can often be prevented with proper prenatal care and folic acid supplementation.