Types, Causes, and Effects of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Understanding Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a severe nutritional disorder caused by an inadequate intake of protein and calories.

Types of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Kwashiorkor: Characterized by edema, irritability, and an enlarged liver due to protein deficiency.
• Marasmus: Severe wasting and stunted growth due to prolonged deficiency in both protein and calories.

Causes and Risk Factors

PEM results from chronic malnutrition, food scarcity, infections, and poor socioeconomic conditions.

Effects on Health

PEM leads to weakened immunity, stunted growth, cognitive impairment, and increased mortality rates, especially in children.

Prevention and Management Strategies

• Public health nutrition interventions
• Improved access to balanced diets
• Community education programs
• Early diagnosis and medical support

Conclusion

Combating PEM requires holistic approaches involving healthcare, education, and social initiatives.