Testicular Neoplasms

Classification of Testicular Tumors

Testicular neoplasms are abnormal growths in the testes that may be benign or malignant. They are classified into germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and other rare entities. Understanding their pathology aids in accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Germ Cell Tumors

• Seminomas: These tumors originate from germ cells and typically affect younger males. They exhibit slow growth and high responsiveness to radiation therapy.
• Non-seminomas: These include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. They tend to be more aggressive and require multimodal treatment approaches.

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors

• Leydig Cell Tumors: Rare tumors arising from Leydig cells, often producing hormones that may lead to symptoms like gynecomastia.
• Sertoli Cell Tumors: Usually benign, these arise from Sertoli cells and can be hormonally active.

Clinical Presentation

Patients often present with painless testicular swelling, but some may experience discomfort or endocrine manifestations depending on the tumor type.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves imaging, tumor markers (AFP, hCG, LDH), and histopathology. Treatment varies by type but includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.