Pathophysiology of Burns: Systemic Effects of Burn Injuries

Burn injuries not only damage the skin but also lead to profound systemic effects that can impact multiple organ systems. Understanding these physiological responses is crucial for effective patient management.

Systemic Effects of Severe Burns

Cardiovascular Response

Severe burns trigger a hypermetabolic state leading to increased cardiac output and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Additionally, hypovolemic shock due to fluid loss can cause hypotension and reduced perfusion.

Respiratory Complications

Burn injuries can result in smoke inhalation injury, leading to pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Damage to lung tissues exacerbates oxygen delivery issues.

Renal Implications

Due to hypovolemia and systemic inflammation, kidney function may be impaired, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI). Monitoring electrolyte balance and hydration status is critical for recovery.

Immune System Dysfunction

Burn-induced immunosuppression increases susceptibility to infections, including sepsis. The disruption of skin integrity allows opportunistic pathogens to invade the body.

Metabolic Effects

Burn injuries cause a significant hypermetabolic response, leading to increased energy expenditure and protein catabolism. Nutritional support is essential to counteract muscle wasting.