Structure and Functions of the Human Digestive System

Mouth and Oral Cavity

The human digestive system is a complex mechanism responsible for breaking down food into nutrients. The first step in this process occurs in the mouth and oral cavity, where various anatomical structures play a vital role.

Anatomy of Teeth

Teeth are essential for mechanical digestion. They help in grinding and breaking down food into smaller pieces, making it easier for enzymes to act upon.

• Incisors – Used for cutting food.
• Canines – Assist in tearing food.
• Premolars – Aid in crushing and grinding.
• Molars – Responsible for thorough grinding.

Function of the Tongue

The tongue helps in the manipulation of food, taste perception, and initiation of swallowing.

Salivary Glands and Their Role

Salivary glands produce saliva that contains enzymes like amylase, which begin the breakdown of carbohydrates.

• Parotid glands – Produce serous fluid rich in amylase.
• Submandibular glands – Secrete both serous and mucous fluid.
• Sublingual glands – Primarily mucous secretion.

Role in Digestion

The oral cavity initiates digestion through chewing, enzymatic breakdown, and preparation of food for further digestion in the stomach.