Structure and Function of Neurons and Neuroglia

Anatomy and Morphology of Neurons

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body. These specialized cells exhibit unique morphological features that facilitate efficient communication.

Structure of Neurons

• Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and essential organelles for metabolic activity.
• Dendrites: Branched projections that receive signals from other neurons.
• Axon: A long, slender projection that transmits impulses to other neurons or effector cells.
• Myelin Sheath: An insulating layer that enhances signal conduction speed.

Function of Neurons

Neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals through a process known as synaptic transmission. This process involves:

1. Generation of an action potential.
2. Release of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
3. Signal reception by the postsynaptic neuron.

Role of Neuroglia

Neuroglial cells provide structural and functional support to neurons. They include:

• Astrocytes: Regulate the extracellular environment and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
• Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.
• Microglia: Act as immune cells, clearing debris and pathogens.
• Schwann Cells: Myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.

The intricate interplay between neurons and neuroglia ensures the proper functioning of the nervous system, contributing to cognition, reflexes, and motor control.