Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. It is classified into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures kidney function.

Stages of CKD

Stage 1: Normal or High GFR (≥90 mL/min)

In this initial stage, kidney function remains near normal. However, signs of kidney damage, such as proteinuria or abnormalities in imaging, may be present.

Stage 2: Mildly Decreased GFR (60-89 mL/min)

Kidney function is slightly diminished, but symptoms are often absent. Regular monitoring and lifestyle modifications can help slow progression.

Stage 3: Moderate Decrease in GFR (30-59 mL/min)

Patients may begin to experience complications such as hypertension, anemia, and bone mineral disorders.

Stage 4: Severe Decrease in GFR (15-29 mL/min)

Significant decline in kidney function leads to severe complications. Patients often require preparation for renal replacement therapy.

Stage 5: End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (<15 mL/min)

Kidneys can no longer sustain the body's needs, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Clinical Manifestations at Different Stages

• Early Stages (1-2): Often asymptomatic; possible mild fatigue or changes in urine output.
• Middle Stages (3-4): Increased blood pressure, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Late Stage (5): Uremia, severe edema, shortness of breath, and cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion

CKD is a progressive disease requiring early diagnosis and management to delay its progression. Regular check-ups, blood tests, and lifestyle adjustments can help in controlling CKD and improving quality of life.