Septic Arthritis: Pathophysiology and Management

Septic arthritis is a serious musculoskeletal infection that leads to joint inflammation caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent joint destruction and systemic complications.

Pathophysiology

Microorganisms invade the synovial membrane via hematogenous spread, direct inoculation, or contiguous infection. This results in inflammatory cytokine release, leading to joint effusion, cartilage degradation, and severe pain.

Clinical Presentation

• Acute joint pain and swelling
• Fever and systemic symptoms
• Limited range of motion
• Erythema and warmth over the affected joint

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and laboratory tests:

• Synovial fluid analysis (high white blood cell count, positive Gram stain)
• Blood cultures to identify causative organisms
• Imaging studies like X-rays and MRI

Management

Early intervention includes:

• Empirical antibiotic therapy targeting common pathogens
• Joint aspiration or surgical drainage
• Supportive care including analgesia and immobilization

Conclusion

Septic arthritis is a medical emergency that requires swift recognition and intervention to preserve joint function and prevent systemic complications.