Risk Factors, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management of Organophosphate Poisoning

Introduction

Organophosphate poisoning occurs due to exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly found in pesticides. Understanding its risk factors, clinical presentation, and management is crucial for effective treatment.

Risk Factors for Organophosphate Poisoning

Occupational Exposure

Farmers, pesticide applicators, and industrial workers handling organophosphate compounds are at high risk.

Environmental Exposure

Contamination of air, water, and food sources can lead to unintentional exposure among the general population.

Accidental Exposure

Children, household members, and individuals exposed due to improper storage or accidental ingestion are at risk.

Clinical Features

• Muscarinic symptoms: Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, emesis (SLUDGE syndrome).
• Nicotinic effects: Muscle weakness, fasciculations, paralysis.
• CNS effects: Confusion, seizures, respiratory depression.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history of exposure, and laboratory tests such as serum cholinesterase levels.

Management

• Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed skin.
• Atropine: Used to counteract muscarinic effects.
• Pralidoxime: Reverses nicotinic effects by reactivating acetylcholinesterase.
• Supportive care: Ventilation support, IV fluids, and symptomatic treatment.