Embolism: Causes, Types, and Pathophysiology

Understanding Embolism

An embolism occurs when a foreign material obstructs blood flow within a vessel, potentially leading to severe complications. These emboli may consist of thrombotic fragments, fat, air, or amniotic fluid.

Types of Embolism

• Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Blockage in the pulmonary artery, often due to a deep vein thrombosis.
• Cerebral Embolism: Clot lodgment in cerebral arteries, potentially causing strokes.
• Fat Embolism: Resulting from traumatic fractures or orthopedic surgeries.
• Amniotic Fluid Embolism: Rare but severe condition occurring during childbirth.
• Air Embolism: Caused by air entering the bloodstream via medical procedures or trauma.

Pathophysiology

The process begins with emboli traveling through the circulatory system until they lodge within smaller vessels, impeding oxygen delivery and leading to tissue ischemia.

Prevention Strategies

• Regular mobility and avoidance of prolonged immobility.
• Use of anticoagulants when medically indicated.
• Compression therapy for those at risk.
• Strict medical procedure guidelines to prevent air embolism.