Physiological Functions of the Liver

The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous physiological functions essential for maintaining homeostasis. It plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis of essential biomolecules.

Metabolic Functions

• Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulates blood glucose levels through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.
• Lipid Metabolism: Synthesizes cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglycerides; facilitates fatty acid oxidation.
• Protein Metabolism: Produces plasma proteins such as albumin and clotting factors; converts ammonia into urea for excretion.

Detoxification and Excretion

• Drug Metabolism: Biotransforms pharmaceuticals and toxins via phase I and phase II reactions.
• Bilirubin Processing: Converts bilirubin into conjugated form for excretion in bile.
• Alcohol Metabolism: Breaks down ethanol through enzymatic pathways.

Synthetic Functions

• Bile Production: Synthesizes bile acids essential for fat digestion and absorption.
• Hormone Regulation: Modulates levels of insulin-like growth factors and steroid hormones.
• Vitamin Storage: Stores fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and iron.

Immune Function

• Kupffer Cells: Specialized macrophages that filter pathogens and debris from the bloodstream.
• Acute Phase Response: Produces proteins involved in inflammation and immune defense.

The liver's multifaceted roles underscore its importance in systemic health. Dysfunction can lead to conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and metabolic disorders.