Physiological Functions of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are small but crucial endocrine organs located on top of the kidneys. They are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and stress adaptation.

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands consist of two main regions:

• Adrenal Cortex: Produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
• Adrenal Medulla: Produces catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help in the body’s response to stress.

Functions of Adrenal Hormones

Cortisol

Regulates metabolism, immune response, and helps the body respond to stress.

Aldosterone

Maintains electrolyte balance and blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium levels.

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline

Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply during stress or emergency situations.

Assessment of Adrenal Function

• Blood Tests: Measure hormone levels such as cortisol and aldosterone.
• Imaging Techniques: CT scan or MRI for structural assessment.
• Stimulation Tests: Evaluate adrenal responsiveness.

Common Adrenal Disorders

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease)

Occurs due to inadequate hormone production, leading to fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.

Cushing’s Syndrome

Results from excessive cortisol production, causing obesity, hypertension, and osteoporosis.

Adrenal Tumors

Can lead to abnormal hormone secretion and associated health problems.