Physiological Basis of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) and Types of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

Role of Glucose in Sodium and Water Absorption

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a scientifically proven approach to managing dehydration, particularly in pediatric cases of diarrhea. It relies on the physiological mechanism of sodium-glucose co-transport in the intestinal epithelium to enhance fluid and electrolyte absorption.

Mechanism of Action

Glucose facilitates the absorption of sodium and water through the sodium-glucose symporter (SGLT1) in the small intestine. This process creates an osmotic gradient, pulling water into the bloodstream and effectively rehydrating the body.

Types of Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)

• Standard WHO ORS: Contains glucose and electrolytes in precise concentrations to optimize rehydration.
• Reduced Osmolarity ORS: Designed to minimize hypernatremia and reduce stool output in pediatric patients.
• Rice-Based ORS: Utilizes complex carbohydrates for more sustained sodium absorption.
• Customized ORS: Tailored formulations for patients with specific electrolyte imbalances or metabolic disorders.

Clinical Significance in Pediatrics

ORT is highly effective in treating mild to moderate dehydration caused by diarrhea. It reduces the need for intravenous therapy, making it an accessible, cost-effective intervention globally.