Physiological Basis of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) and Types of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

Pathophysiology of Dehydration and Its Impact on the Body

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it consumes. This imbalance disrupts normal physiological functions, particularly in pediatric patients, leading to electrolyte imbalances, reduced blood volume, and impaired cellular activity.

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

ORT is a scientifically validated treatment for dehydration, particularly caused by diarrhea. It involves administering an oral rehydration solution (ORS) that restores electrolyte balance and fluid volume.

Mechanism of ORT

• Glucose-Sodium Co-transport: Glucose enhances sodium absorption in the small intestine, facilitating water retention.
• Electrolyte Balance: ORS replenishes essential electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, and chloride.
• Prevention of Metabolic Acidosis: ORS contains bicarbonate or citrate to correct acidosis resulting from dehydration.

Types of Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)

Standard WHO-Recommended ORS

Contains a balanced mix of glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Used globally for treating diarrhea-induced dehydration.

Reduced Osmolarity ORS

Modified for better absorption and lower sodium concentration, minimizing the risk of hypernatremia.

Rice-Based ORS

Uses complex carbohydrates instead of simple glucose, aiding better absorption and energy provision.

Clinical Benefits of ORT

• Efficient and cost-effective treatment for diarrhea-related dehydration
• Reduces hospitalization rates and intravenous fluid requirements
• Promotes electrolyte stability and metabolic balance

Conclusion

ORT is an essential and life-saving intervention, particularly in pediatric healthcare. With advancements in ORS formulations, treatment effectiveness and accessibility have significantly improved.