Peripheral Blood Smear Findings in Anemia

Anisocytosis and Poikilocytosis in Various Anemias

Anemia is a common hematological condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin levels. A peripheral blood smear examination is an essential diagnostic tool that provides valuable insights into the morphology of RBCs, aiding in the identification of various types of anemia.

Anisocytosis: Variation in RBC Size

Anisocytosis refers to the presence of RBCs of varying sizes, indicating a disruption in normal erythropoiesis. It is commonly seen in:

• Iron Deficiency Anemia - Presence of microcytic RBCs.
• Megaloblastic Anemia - Large, macrocytic RBCs due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
• Sideroblastic Anemia - Mixed population of normal and small RBCs.

Poikilocytosis: Abnormal RBC Shapes

Poikilocytosis refers to variations in RBC shape, indicative of underlying hematological disorders. Different types include:

• Spherocytes - Seen in hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
• Elliptocytes - Characteristic of hereditary elliptocytosis.
• Target Cells - Found in thalassemia and liver disease.
• Schistocytes - Fragmented RBCs observed in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.

Clinical Significance

Identifying anisocytosis and poikilocytosis helps in diagnosing anemia and determining its etiology. Physicians use peripheral blood smear findings alongside laboratory investigations like serum iron levels, vitamin B12 levels, and bone marrow examination for an accurate diagnosis.

Conclusion

A thorough analysis of peripheral blood smears is crucial in the evaluation of anemia. Recognizing characteristic RBC changes provides valuable insights, guiding appropriate treatment strategies for patients.