Peripheral Blood Morphology in Anemia

Introduction

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. A key component in diagnosing anemia is the evaluation of peripheral blood morphology.

Types of Red Blood Cell Abnormalities in Anemia

Microcytic Anemia

Microcytic anemia is characterized by smaller-than-normal RBCs. Common causes include iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.

• Iron deficiency anemia – hypochromic microcytes with central pallor.
• Thalassemia – target cells and basophilic stippling.

Macrocytic Anemia

Macrocytic anemia features larger-than-normal RBCs, often seen in vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

• Megaloblastic anemia – oval macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils.

Normocytic Anemia

Normocytic anemia occurs when RBCs are of normal size but reduced in number.

• Hemolytic anemia – spherocytes and schistocytes.
• Chronic disease anemia – normal RBCs but reduced hemoglobin.

Peripheral Blood Smear Examination

Peripheral blood smears are a crucial diagnostic tool for identifying morphological changes in RBCs, providing insights into the underlying etiology of anemia.

Conclusion

Recognition of RBC abnormalities in anemia aids in precise diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies, improving patient outcomes.