Cutaneous Manifestations of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

Understanding Thyroid-Related Skin Changes

The thyroid gland plays a critical role in regulating metabolism, and its dysfunction can lead to distinct skin manifestations. Cutaneous symptoms are common and can provide diagnostic clues for underlying thyroid disorders.

Skin Changes in Hypothyroidism

• Dry, rough, and cold skin due to reduced sweat and sebaceous gland activity.
• Pale, puffy appearance resulting from mucopolysaccharide deposition.
• Yellowish skin tint due to impaired β-carotene metabolism.
• Slow wound healing and reduced collagen turnover.
• Hair thinning and loss, particularly on the lateral eyebrows.

Skin Changes in Hyperthyroidism

• Warm, moist, and soft skin due to increased circulation and sweat production.
• Diffuse erythema and flushing, especially on the face.
• Hyperpigmentation resulting from increased melanocyte stimulation.
• Pretibial myxedema in Graves' disease, leading to localized skin thickening.
• Onycholysis (Plummer's nails) characterized by nail separation.

Pathophysiology of Thyroid-Related Skin Changes

Thyroid hormones influence dermal circulation, collagen metabolism, and epidermal turnover. Hypothyroidism typically leads to decreased metabolic activity and moisture retention, while hyperthyroidism enhances vasodilation and tissue perfusion.

Clinical Implications

Recognizing these dermatological signs can aid in early diagnosis and management. Physicians should evaluate skin changes alongside other systemic symptoms to ensure comprehensive care.