Anatomical Basis of Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy
Pathophysiology of Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsy results from damage to the hypoglossal nerve, leading to tongue dysfunction and speech difficulties. Causes include trauma, vascular diseases, and neurological disorders.
Anatomical Basis of Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy
Introduction
The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) plays a crucial role in tongue movement. Damage to this nerve can lead to hypoglossal nerve palsy, characterized by difficulties in speech, swallowing, and tongue mobility.
Hypoglossal Nerve Anatomy
The hypoglossal nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal. It innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, ensuring voluntary motor control.
Causes of Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy
- Neoplastic compression (tumors)
- Vascular disorders (stroke, aneurysms)
- Trauma (head and neck injuries)
- Inflammatory conditions (Guillain-Barré Syndrome)
- Iatrogenic causes (surgical complications)
Pathophysiology
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve disrupts motor impulses, leading to muscle atrophy and tongue deviation towards the affected side. In severe cases, bilateral palsy can impair airway function.
Clinical Presentation
Patients often exhibit unilateral tongue weakness, difficulty articulating words, dysphagia, and fasciculations in the tongue muscle.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis involves clinical examination, MRI or CT imaging, and nerve conduction studies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include corticosteroids, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation therapy.
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