Pathophysiology of Common Diseases in Otolaryngology

Pathophysiology of Meniere's Disease and Vestibular Disorders

Meniere's disease is a chronic disorder of the inner ear characterized by episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. It is believed to result from an abnormal accumulation of endolymph within the cochlear and vestibular compartments, a condition termed endolymphatic hydrops.

Causes and Mechanisms

• Endolymphatic hydrops – excess fluid in the inner ear disrupts balance and auditory function.
• Genetic predisposition – inherited susceptibility to inner ear dysfunction.
• Viral infections – may lead to inner ear inflammation and subsequent fluid imbalance.
• Autoimmune response – the body's immune system mistakenly attacks inner ear structures.

Vestibular Disorders Overview

Vestibular disorders encompass a range of conditions affecting balance, spatial orientation, and equilibrium. These include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, and labyrinthitis.

Management and Treatment

• Dietary modifications – reducing salt intake to minimize fluid retention.
• Medications – diuretics, vestibular suppressants, and corticosteroids.
• Physical therapy – vestibular rehabilitation exercises to improve balance.
• Surgical intervention – endolymphatic sac decompression or labyrinthectomy in severe cases.