Cortical Death and Brainstem Death

Pathophysiology of Brainstem Death

Brainstem death occurs when the functions of the brainstem cease irreversibly due to severe injury, hypoxia, or other pathological processes. The brainstem is responsible for autonomic functions such as respiration, heart rate regulation, and consciousness.

Causes of Brainstem Death

• Traumatic brain injury
• Severe hypoxia or ischemia
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Brainstem tumors

Diagnostic Criteria

Brainstem death is confirmed through a series of clinical tests, including:

• Absence of brainstem reflexes
• Apnea test confirming absence of spontaneous respiration
• Imaging studies demonstrating irreversible brainstem damage

Implications of Brainstem Death

Brainstem death is medically and legally recognized as death in many jurisdictions. It has significant implications for organ donation and end-of-life care.