Pathology of Obstructive Airway Diseases

Pathophysiology of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and intermittent airflow obstruction.

Pathophysiological Mechanisms

• Airway Inflammation: Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, leukotrienes, and histamines cause bronchoconstriction and mucus hypersecretion.
• Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness: Increased sensitivity of airway smooth muscles leads to excessive contraction in response to triggers.
• Airflow Obstruction: Mucosal edema, mucus plugging, and airway remodeling contribute to reduced airflow.

Clinical Manifestations

• Dyspnea and wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Cough, often worse at night or early morning
• Increased respiratory effort

Histopathological Features

• Goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus gland hypertrophy
• Eosinophilic infiltration in airway walls
• Thickening of the basement membrane
• Airway smooth muscle hypertrophy

Management Strategies

• Anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., corticosteroids)
• Bronchodilators (e.g., beta-agonists)
• Leukotriene modifiers
• Avoidance of triggers and allergen exposure