Physiology and Pathophysiology of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

Pathophysiological Effects of Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia refers to the excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream, usually due to inadequate ventilation or impaired gas exchange. It can lead to profound physiological disturbances, affecting multiple organ systems.

Causes and Mechanisms

• Respiratory failure
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Neuromuscular disorders impairing ventilation
• Hypoventilation syndromes

Effects on the Body

Hypercapnia induces systemic vasodilation, increases intracranial pressure, and can lead to severe acidosis, impairing cardiovascular and neurological functions. Symptoms include dyspnea, confusion, headache, and, in severe cases, respiratory failure.

Compensatory Mechanisms

The body attempts to regulate hypercapnia through increased respiratory rate, renal compensation by excreting hydrogen ions, and buffering via hemoglobin and plasma proteins.

Clinical Management

Management strategies include optimizing ventilation, non-invasive or invasive mechanical respiratory support, and treating underlying conditions that contribute to CO2 retention.