Pathogenesis, Progression, and Clinical Presentation of Common HIV-Related Skin and Oral Lesions

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is associated with a wide range of dermatological manifestations. As the disease progresses, patients often develop inflammatory and neoplastic skin disorders that serve as early markers of HIV infection and immunosuppression.

Common HIV-Related Skin Lesions

Inflammatory Disorders

• Seborrheic Dermatitis: Often more severe in HIV-positive individuals due to immune dysfunction.
• Psoriasis: Exacerbated in immunocompromised patients, showing resistant and widespread manifestations.
• Eosinophilic Folliculitis: A pruritic eruption predominantly seen in advanced HIV cases.

Neoplastic Disorders

• Kaposi's Sarcoma: Highly associated with HIV and characterized by vascular tumor lesions.
• Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Often appears as cutaneous nodules or plaques.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Increased incidence due to chronic immunosuppression.

Oral Lesions in HIV

Common Oral Manifestations

• Oral Candidiasis: A frequent opportunistic infection seen in HIV-positive patients.
• Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, often an early indicator of HIV infection.
• Kaposi’s Sarcoma in Oral Cavity: Appears as red or violet patches on the palate or gums.

Progression and Clinical Implications

Dermatological and oral manifestations in HIV patients provide crucial insights into disease progression. Early identification can assist in timely intervention and management, improving patient outcomes.

Conclusion

Recognizing and managing skin and oral lesions in HIV is vital in clinical practice. These manifestations often serve as the first signs of disease progression and require vigilant monitoring and treatment.