Pathogenesis of Disorders Associated with Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Starvation

Introduction

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a serious condition that arises due to insufficient intake of macronutrients, leading to detrimental metabolic and physiological consequences. Chronic starvation exacerbates these disorders, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Role of Micronutrient Deficiencies

Micronutrients play a crucial role in metabolic pathways, and their deficiency can accelerate malnutrition-related disorders. Common deficiencies include:

• Iron Deficiency: Leads to anemia, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function.
• Vitamin A Deficiency: Causes night blindness and increases susceptibility to infections.
• Zinc Deficiency: Weakens immune response and delays wound healing.
• Vitamin D Deficiency: Results in weakened bones and increased risk of osteoporosis.

Pathogenesis of Malnutrition Disorders

The biochemical consequences of starvation include:

• Depletion of glycogen stores, leading to hypoglycemia.
• Increased lipolysis and ketogenesis, causing metabolic acidosis.
• Loss of muscle mass due to protein catabolism.
• Impaired immune function, raising the risk of infections.

Conclusion

Protein-energy malnutrition and starvation have profound effects on health, especially when micronutrient deficiencies exacerbate the condition. Addressing these deficiencies through proper nutrition and medical interventions can significantly improve health outcomes.