Pathogenesis of Common Autoimmune Diseases

Immunological Dysregulation in Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to complex immunological dysfunctions that lead the immune system to attack healthy cells. These diseases affect millions globally and exhibit a wide range of symptoms depending on the organ system involved.

Key Mechanisms Behind Autoimmune Diseases

• Loss of Self-Tolerance: The immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self, leading to chronic inflammation.
• Genetic Susceptibility: Certain genetic markers, such as HLA variants, increase the risk of autoimmune disorders.
• Environmental Triggers: Infections, drugs, and toxins can activate immune responses that contribute to disease onset.

Common Autoimmune Disorders

• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Characterized by systemic inflammation and joint destruction.
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Affects multiple organs with antibody-mediated damage.
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Immune cells target insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Autoimmune diseases are diagnosed using laboratory tests such as antibody screenings and imaging techniques. Treatments focus on immunosuppression through corticosteroids, biologics, and disease-modifying drugs.