Pathogenesis and Pathological Features of Malaria

Introduction

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Understanding the pathogenesis and pathological features of malaria is crucial in managing its complications.

Pathogenesis of Malaria

Plasmodium Life Cycle

• Transmission occurs via mosquito bites, injecting sporozoites into the bloodstream.
• Sporozoites travel to the liver, where they mature into schizonts and release merozoites.
• Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs), multiply, and cause cyclic fever episodes.

Immune Response and Tissue Damage

Malaria infection triggers a strong immune response, leading to inflammatory cytokine release. Severe inflammation contributes to microvascular obstruction and hemolysis.

Pathological Features of Severe Malaria

Cerebral Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum induces cerebral malaria, causing RBC sequestration in brain capillaries, leading to neurological dysfunction.

Severe Hemolysis and Anemia

High parasite load leads to excessive RBC destruction, resulting in severe hemolytic anemia.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Inflammation-induced pulmonary edema can impair oxygen exchange, causing respiratory distress.

Renal Failure

Blackwater fever, characterized by hemoglobinuria, can progress to acute renal failure.

Conclusion

Severe malaria presents various complications due to vascular obstruction, immune-mediated tissue damage, and metabolic disturbances. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to mitigate morbidity and mortality.