Pathogenesis and Histopathology of Malaria

Life Cycle of Plasmodium and Its Role in Pathogenesis

Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, transmitted via the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The pathogenesis of malaria involves the complex life cycle of Plasmodium, which contributes to the clinical manifestations and histopathological changes observed in infected individuals.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

• Sporozoite Stage: The infective stage injected into the human host.
• Liver Stage: Sporozoites invade hepatocytes and multiply.
• Blood Stage: Parasites enter erythrocytes, leading to cyclic fevers.

Pathogenesis

The blood stage of the parasite is responsible for clinical symptoms. Erythrocyte invasion leads to hemolysis, inflammatory response, and the release of toxic substances such as hemozoin. Severe manifestations include cerebral malaria, metabolic acidosis, and multi-organ dysfunction.

Histopathology

• Hepatic Changes: Kupffer cell hyperplasia, hepatic dysfunction.
• Splenic Changes: Splenomegaly due to parasite accumulation.
• Cerebral Malaria: Microvascular obstruction leading to coma and death.

Conclusion

Understanding the life cycle and histopathological impact of Plasmodium is critical for developing treatment strategies and preventive measures against malaria.