Origin, Types, Variations, and Physiological Functions of Plasma Proteins

Introduction

Plasma proteins play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, immunity, and transport functions in the human body. Understanding their origin, classification, and physiological functions provides key insights into various medical conditions.

Origin of Plasma Proteins

• Liver: Synthesizes albumin, coagulation factors, and most globulins.
• Bone marrow: Produces immunoglobulins via plasma cells.

Types and Variations of Plasma Proteins

Major Categories

• Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure and transports molecules.
• Globulins: Includes alpha, beta, and gamma globulins involved in immune response and transport.
• Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting.
• Regulatory Proteins: Hormones and enzymes assisting in physiological functions.

Physiological Functions of Plasma Proteins

• Osmoregulation: Albumin maintains oncotic pressure.
• Transport: Binds hormones, vitamins, and ions.
• Immunological Defense: Immunoglobulins aid in pathogen defense.
• Coagulation: Fibrinogen aids in clot formation.

Pathological Conditions Affecting Plasma Protein Levels

Common Disorders

• Liver Disease: Reduced albumin synthesis leads to edema.
• Nephrotic Syndrome: Protein loss in urine causes hypoproteinemia.
• Multiple Myeloma: Overproduction of immunoglobulins.
• Malnutrition: Leads to protein deficiency.