Microbiological aspects of meningitis
Diagnostic microbiological techniques
Meningitis is a severe infection requiring early microbiological diagnosis. Techniques like CSF analysis, culture, PCR, and sequencing help identify causative pathogens and guide treatment.
Microbiological Aspects of Meningitis
Introduction
Meningitis is a serious infection that affects the meninges—the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Early and accurate microbiological diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.
Common Microbial Causes
- Bacterial: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
- Viral: Enteroviruses, Herpes simplex virus
- Fungal: Cryptococcus neoformans
- Parasitic: Naegleria fowleri
Diagnostic Microbiological Techniques
1. Lumbar Puncture & CSF Analysis
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the cornerstone of meningitis diagnosis. CSF analysis includes:
- Cell count and differential
- Glucose and protein levels
- Gram stain and culture
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for bacterial and viral pathogens
2. Culture & Sensitivity Tests
Growing microorganisms in specialized media helps identify causative agents and determine antibiotic susceptibility.
3. Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
- PCR - Rapid pathogen identification
- Serology - Detecting antibodies against specific pathogens
- Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) - Comprehensive pathogen detection
Treatment & Prevention
Once a pathogen is identified, targeted antibiotic or antiviral therapy begins immediately. Vaccination plays a critical role in preventing bacterial meningitis.
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