Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis—Pathogenesis, Pathology, Causes, and Types

Introduction

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are chronic vascular diseases characterized by the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis, a specific type of arteriosclerosis, involves plaque buildup, leading to impaired blood flow and increased cardiovascular risk.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and smooth muscle proliferation. Oxidative stress and immune responses exacerbate the condition.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Hyperlipidemia and cholesterol imbalance
• Hypertension
• Diabetes mellitus
• Smoking and toxic exposure
• Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
• Genetic predisposition

Pathology

Microscopically, atherosclerotic plaques consist of lipids, fibrous tissue, and inflammatory cells. Advanced lesions may form necrotic cores and calcifications.

Types

• Arteriosclerosis (general arterial stiffening)
• Atherosclerosis (plaque formation)
• Monckeberg's sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis)
• Arteriolosclerosis (affecting small arteries and arterioles)

Conclusion

Prevention and management involve lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical interventions for severe cases.