Roles of Essential Minerals in the Human Body

Iron: Importance in Oxygen Transport and Hemoglobin Synthesis

Iron is a fundamental mineral required for various physiological functions in the human body. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, hemoglobin synthesis, and enzymatic functions.

Oxygen Transport and Hemoglobin Synthesis

Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport from the lungs to tissues. Inadequate iron levels can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, dizziness, and compromised oxygen delivery.

Enzymatic Functions and Metabolism

Iron serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. It is essential for electron transport in mitochondria and various enzymatic reactions required for DNA synthesis.

Iron Absorption, Storage, and Regulation Mechanisms

Absorption

Dietary iron is absorbed in the duodenum through specialized transporters such as divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Factors like vitamin C enhance absorption, whereas phytates and polyphenols inhibit it.

Storage

Excess iron is stored in ferritin, predominantly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Ferritin levels reflect the body's iron reserves and play a role in maintaining iron homeostasis.

Regulation

Hepcidin, a liver-derived hormone, controls iron balance by regulating its absorption and release from storage sites. Dysregulation of hepcidin contributes to iron-related disorders such as anemia and hemochromatosis.

Iron Homeostasis and Clinical Implications

Maintaining optimal iron levels is crucial to prevent deficiencies and toxicities. Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent, especially in individuals with inadequate dietary intake or increased physiological demands, while iron overload conditions necessitate careful management.