Iodine Deficiency: Causes, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management
Physiological Role of Iodine and Impact of Deficiency on Metabolism
Iodine deficiency affects thyroid function, leading to hypothyroidism, goiter, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Proper dietary intake and medical monitoring help prevent complications.
Iodine Deficiency: Causes, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management
Physiological Role of Iodine
Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone synthesis, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and cognitive function.
Impact of Deficiency on Metabolism
Iodine deficiency disrupts thyroid hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism, metabolic slowdowns, and developmental disorders. Severe deficiency causes cretinism, impaired cognitive function, and goiter.
Causes of Iodine Deficiency
- Insufficient dietary intake due to low iodine levels in soil and water
- High consumption of goitrogens (foods that interfere with iodine absorption)
- Increased iodine demand during pregnancy and lactation
- Medical conditions such as iodine transport defects
Clinical Features
Symptoms of iodine deficiency vary by severity:
- Enlarged thyroid (goiter)
- Fatigue and sluggish metabolism
- Dry skin, brittle hair, and weight gain
- Neurodevelopmental delays in children
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of iodine deficiency involves:
- Urinary iodine concentration test
- Serum thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4)
- Clinical assessment of goiter and developmental delays
Management
Effective management strategies include:
- Ensuring adequate iodine intake through iodized salt and seafood
- Supplementation in high-risk groups (pregnant women, infants)
- Monitoring thyroid function to prevent complications
Conclusion
Iodine deficiency remains a global health concern, particularly in regions with low iodine availability. Prevention through diet modification and public health policies ensures optimal thyroid function and metabolic health.
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