Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests in Pathology

Hepatitis Serology: Diagnostic Markers and Interpretation in Viral Hepatitis

Hepatitis serology plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing viral hepatitis infections. Understanding diagnostic markers allows clinicians to assess disease progression, determine immunity, and guide treatment decisions.

Key Hepatitis Viruses and Their Markers

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E have distinct serological markers aiding in diagnosis. For instance:

• Hepatitis A Virus (HAV): IgM anti-HAV suggests acute infection, while IgG anti-HAV indicates past infection or immunity.
• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): HBsAg signifies active infection, while anti-HBs suggests immunity. HBeAg indicates viral replication, and anti-HBe marks transition towards recovery.
• Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Anti-HCV detects past or current infection, but HCV RNA confirms active infection.

Interpreting Hepatitis Serology Results

Physicians must correctly interpret serological findings:

• Acute Infection: Presence of IgM antibodies or viral antigen (e.g., HBsAg, HCV RNA).
• Chronic Infection: Persistent detection of viral antigens or RNA over six months.
• Immunity: IgG antibodies or specific neutralizing antibodies (e.g., anti-HBs).

Clinical Implications

Accurate interpretation aids in initiating treatment, assessing prognosis, and preventing transmission. Serological tests also help differentiate resolved infections from chronic carriers.

Conclusion

Hepatitis serology is invaluable for diagnosing and managing viral hepatitis. Understanding key markers assists clinicians in guiding patients towards appropriate treatment and preventive measures.