Interpretation and Explanation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis Findings

CSF Findings in Meningitis and Encephalitis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis plays a crucial role in diagnosing central nervous system (CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis. The results help differentiate between bacterial, viral, fungal, and tubercular infections.

Key Parameters in CSF Analysis

• Appearance: Normal CSF is clear. Cloudy or turbid CSF indicates infection.
• Cell Count: Elevated white blood cell (WBC) count suggests inflammation.
• Protein Levels: Increased CSF protein levels are common in bacterial meningitis.
• Glucose Levels: Low glucose levels compared to blood glucose suggest bacterial or tubercular meningitis.
• Gram Stain & Culture: Identifies causative bacteria.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Helps detect viral pathogens.

CSF Findings in Different Types of Meningitis

Parameter	Bacterial Meningitis	Viral Meningitis	Fungal Meningitis
Appearance	Cloudy	Clear or slightly cloudy	Cloudy
WBC Count	High (Neutrophils)	Elevated (Lymphocytes)	Elevated (Lymphocytes)
Protein	High	Mildly increased	High
Glucose	Low	Normal	Low

Clinical Implications

Timely CSF analysis aids in rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Early intervention in bacterial meningitis can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.