Indications for Blood Transfusion and Appropriate Use of Blood Components

Introduction

Blood transfusion is a critical medical intervention used to restore blood volume, improve oxygen delivery, and manage various hematological conditions. Understanding when and how to administer blood components ensures optimal patient outcomes and prevents unnecessary transfusions.

Indications for Blood Transfusion

Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion

• Anemia with hemoglobin <7 g/dL in stable patients
• Symptomatic anemia with cardiovascular compromise
• Acute blood loss exceeding 30% of total blood volume

Platelet Transfusion

• Platelet count <10,000/μL in stable patients
• Platelet count <50,000/μL in active bleeding or surgery
• Platelet dysfunction conditions such as thrombocytopathy

Plasma Transfusion

• Coagulopathy with prolonged INR/PT in active bleeding
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Liver disease with impaired coagulation

Appropriate Use of Blood Components

It is essential to match blood components to the patient’s clinical needs to maximize efficacy while minimizing complications.

Guidelines for Blood Component Selection

• Assess patient’s hemoglobin level and clinical symptoms before RBC transfusion
• Consider platelet function testing before platelet transfusion
• Utilize coagulation tests (INR/PT/aPTT) to guide plasma transfusion

Risks and Precautions

Blood transfusion carries risks, including allergic reactions, infections, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Careful monitoring and adherence to guidelines reduce these risks.

Conclusion

Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure that must be performed judiciously. Adhering to established criteria ensures safe and effective management of patients requiring transfusion therapy.