Indications, Clinical Findings, and Diagnostic Methods for Heart Failure

Introduction

Heart failure is a chronic condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid retention and decreased oxygen delivery to the body.

Clinical Indications and Symptoms

Common Symptoms

• Dyspnea (shortness of breath), especially when lying down
• Fatigue and weakness
• Swelling in legs, ankles, and feet due to fluid retention
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Persistent coughing or wheezing
• Sudden weight gain due to fluid buildup
• Reduced exercise tolerance

Diagnostic Methods

Clinical Evaluation

A thorough history and physical examination are essential in diagnosing heart failure.

Imaging Techniques

• Echocardiography to assess heart function and structure
• Chest X-ray to identify pulmonary congestion
• Cardiac MRI for detailed heart imaging

Laboratory Tests

• BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) levels to assess cardiac stress
• Electrolyte panel and kidney function tests
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect arrhythmias

Treatment Approaches

Management of heart failure includes lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics), and in severe cases, surgical interventions such as heart transplantation or implantable devices.