Immunological Mechanisms in Health

Innate Immunity: Components and Functions

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is a non-specific and immediate response mechanism that protects the host before adaptive immunity kicks in.

Key Components of Innate Immunity

• Physical Barriers: The skin and mucosal membranes prevent pathogen entry.
• Chemical Barriers: Enzymes in saliva, gastric acid, and antimicrobial peptides neutralize threats.
• Cellular Defenses: Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells play key roles.
• Inflammatory Response: Cytokines such as interleukins and interferons help coordinate immune actions.
• Complement System: A cascade of proteins that assist in pathogen destruction.

Functions of Innate Immunity

The innate immune system performs several crucial functions, including:

• Identifying and neutralizing pathogens.
• Initiating inflammation to recruit immune cells.
• Activating adaptive immunity through antigen presentation.
• Maintaining homeostasis and wound healing.