Identification and Classification of Syphilis Based on Clinical Presentation and Manifestations

Congenital Syphilis: Transmission, Clinical Presentation, and Management in Neonates

Congenital syphilis occurs when Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent severe complications. This blog explores congenital syphilis in detail.

Transmission

Congenital syphilis transmission primarily occurs transplacentally or during childbirth. Without timely intervention, infection can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, or neonatal complications.

Clinical Presentation

• Early Congenital Syphilis: Symptoms appear within the first two years of life and may include hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, skin rashes, anemia, and skeletal abnormalities.
• Late Congenital Syphilis: Manifestations include Hutchinson’s triad (notched incisors, interstitial keratitis, and deafness), saddle nose deformity, and neurological impairments.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves serological testing, including non-treponemal tests (VDRL, RPR) and treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TPPA). Further assessments include radiologic examination of long bones and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Management

Neonates diagnosed with congenital syphilis require prompt treatment with aqueous crystalline penicillin G. Early intervention significantly improves outcomes and prevents long-term complications.

Prevention

Preventive strategies include prenatal screening, treatment of maternal syphilis, and public health education programs to reduce congenital syphilis incidence.