Histology: Nervous Tissue - Structure and Function

Introduction

Nervous tissue is a specialized group of cells responsible for transmitting and processing electrical and chemical signals in the body. It is fundamental to the function of the nervous system, comprising neurons and supporting glial cells.

Types of Nervous Tissue

Neurons

Neurons are the primary signaling cells of the nervous system, capable of transmitting electrical impulses over long distances.

• Motor Neurons: Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
• Sensory Neurons: Transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS.
• Interneurons: Act as connectors within the CNS.

Glial Cells

Glial cells provide structural and functional support to neurons.

• Astrocytes: Maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate neurotransmitter levels.
• Oligodendrocytes: Form the myelin sheath in the CNS.
• Schwann Cells: Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
• Microglia: Function as immune cells within the nervous system.

Function of Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is responsible for various essential physiological functions, including:

• Signal Transmission: Neurons conduct electrical impulses across the body.
• Neurotransmitter Release: Communication between neurons occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters.
• Response to Stimuli: Nervous tissue enables reflex actions and sensory processing.
• Memory and Cognition: Higher brain functions rely on nervous tissue interactions.

Clinical Significance

Nervous tissue disorders can lead to various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the importance of studying its structure and function.