Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Maternal and Fetal Complications

Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. It poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, requiring diligent management and monitoring.

Maternal Complications

Hyperglycemia and Its Effects

Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can lead to complications such as hypertension, preeclampsia, and increased risk of Type 2 diabetes postpartum.

Increased Risk of Cesarean Delivery

Due to fetal macrosomia, women with GDM often require cesarean sections, leading to prolonged recovery times.

Fetal Complications

Macrosomia

Elevated maternal glucose levels cause excessive fetal growth, increasing the likelihood of birth injuries.

Neonatal Hypoglycemia

Infants born to mothers with GDM are at risk of low blood sugar levels immediately after birth, requiring prompt medical intervention.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

GDM can impair fetal lung development, leading to respiratory complications at birth.

Diagnosis and Management

Screening for GDM typically involves an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed between 24-28 weeks of gestation. Management includes lifestyle modifications, dietary control, and, in some cases, insulin therapy.

Conclusion

Early detection and management of gestational diabetes are crucial in preventing adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Regular prenatal care and strict glycemic control significantly improve pregnancy outcomes.