Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Definition and Classification

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs during pregnancy.

Classification

Types of GDM

• GDM A1: Diet-controlled gestational diabetes.
• GDM A2: Gestational diabetes requiring insulin or medication for blood glucose control.

Risk Factors

Several factors can contribute to the development of GDM, including:

• Obesity
• Family history of diabetes
• Previous GDM diagnosis
• Advanced maternal age

Diagnosis

GDM is diagnosed using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), where blood sugar levels are measured before and after consuming a glucose-rich drink.

Management

Dietary and Lifestyle Modifications

Women with GDM are advised to follow a balanced diet, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity.

Medical Treatment

In cases where diet and exercise are not sufficient, insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents may be prescribed.

Complications

If left untreated, GDM can lead to complications such as macrosomia (large baby), preterm birth, and an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Conclusion

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a manageable condition with proper monitoring, diet, and medical care. Early detection and intervention play a crucial role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing complications.