Evaluation and Diagnosis of Anemia

Understanding Anemia

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the body. It often manifests with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Chronic Disease and Inflammatory Markers

Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease can contribute to anemia. Inflammation leads to disruptions in iron metabolism, affecting erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).

Key Inflammatory Markers

• C-reactive Protein (CRP): Elevated levels indicate inflammation, which impacts iron regulation.
• Ferritin: Higher levels may suggest anemia of chronic disease, even when iron stores are normal.
• Interleukin-6 (IL-6): Plays a role in impairing iron absorption and erythropoiesis.

Diagnosis of Anemia

Common Diagnostic Tests

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): Evaluates red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels.
• Serum Iron Studies: Includes ferritin, transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity.
• Bone Marrow Examination: Used in severe or unexplained anemia cases.

Treatment Approaches

Managing Anemia in Chronic Disease

Treatment depends on underlying causes and may include:

• Iron supplementation if deficiency is present.
• Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for chronic kidney disease-induced anemia.
• Anti-inflammatory therapy to mitigate anemia impact.

Regular monitoring and collaboration between physicians and specialists ensure effective anemia management.