Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Hemolytic Anemias

Introduction

Hemolytic anemia is a condition characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to anemia and various systemic complications...

Etiopathogenesis of Hemolytic Anemia

Intrinsic RBC Defects

• Membrane abnormalities (e.g., hereditary spherocytosis)
• Enzyme deficiencies (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
• Hemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell disease)

Extrinsic RBC Destruction Mechanisms

• Immune-mediated hemolysis (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
• Mechanical destruction (e.g., microangiopathic hemolytic anemia)
• Infectious agents (e.g., malaria-induced hemolysis)

Clinical Features

Common symptoms include pallor, jaundice, fatigue, splenomegaly, and dark-colored urine...

Diagnosis

Laboratory investigations include complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte count, Coombs test, and peripheral blood smear...

Management Strategies

General Management

Includes folic acid supplementation, avoiding triggers, and supportive care...

Specific Treatments

• Immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune hemolysis
• Splenectomy for hereditary spherocytosis
• Blood transfusions for severe cases

Conclusion

Hemolytic anemia is a diverse group of disorders requiring targeted diagnostics and management approaches...