Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

Introduction

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a pediatric respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is often caused by viral infections, primarily parainfluenza virus.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

The condition is predominantly caused by parainfluenza viruses type 1 and 2, with other viral agents including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and influenza virus. Infection leads to mucosal edema, subglottic narrowing, and increased airway resistance, resulting in characteristic symptoms such as stridor and a barking cough.

Clinical Features

• Inspiratory stridor
• Barking cough
• Hoarseness
• Respiratory distress in severe cases

Management

Management includes supportive care, corticosteroids, and nebulized epinephrine for severe cases. Hospitalization may be required for patients with significant respiratory distress.

Conclusion

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is a common pediatric condition that requires prompt recognition and appropriate management to prevent complications.