Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Management of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

Introduction

Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral infection affecting the upper airways, predominantly in pediatric patients. It leads to inflammation and narrowing of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, causing respiratory distress.

Etiopathogenesis

Causes

• Viral infections (Parainfluenza virus is the most common)
• Inflammatory response leading to airway edema

Pathophysiology

The infection triggers mucosal inflammation, increased mucus production, and narrowing of the airway, which manifests clinically as stridor, barking cough, and respiratory difficulty.

Clinical Features

• Inspiratory stridor
• Barking cough
• Hoarseness of voice
• Fever and nasal congestion

Management

Medical Treatment

• Corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) to reduce airway inflammation
• Nebulized epinephrine for severe cases

Supportive Care

• Humidified oxygen therapy
• Hydration

Complications and Prognosis

Complications include bacterial superinfection, airway obstruction, and rare instances of respiratory failure. The prognosis is generally favorable with appropriate treatment.