Etiopathogenesis and Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Pathogenesis of Parasitic and Fungal Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by parasitic and fungal pathogens pose significant health concerns worldwide. Understanding their etiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis is crucial for effective management and prevention.

Parasitic STIs

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite. It primarily affects the urogenital tract, leading to symptoms such as vaginal discharge, itching, and dysuria.

Pathogenesis

• Adherence to epithelial cells via adhesins
• Induction of inflammation and cytotoxicity
• Disruption of vaginal microbiota

Laboratory Diagnosis

• Wet mount microscopy
• Culture methods
• Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)

Fungal STIs

Candidiasis

Candidiasis, primarily caused by Candida albicans, is a common fungal STI affecting the mucosal surfaces.

Pathogenesis

• Overgrowth due to immune suppression or antibiotic use
• Biofilm formation enhancing resistance
• Invasion of epithelial cells leading to inflammation

Laboratory Diagnosis

• Microscopy with KOH preparation
• Culturing on Sabouraud agar
• PCR-based identification

Conclusion

Parasitic and fungal STIs require accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. Laboratory methods such as microscopy, culture, and molecular techniques play a vital role in identifying these infections.