Etiology, pathophysiology, pathological characteristics, gross and microscopic features, diagnosis, and complications of infective endocarditis
Pathophysiology of infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening condition affecting heart valves. Understanding its pathophysiology is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
Pathophysiology of Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection of the heart valves and endocardium, typically caused by bacterial invasion. The pathophysiology involves microbial adherence, immune response, and systemic inflammation.
Etiology
- Bacterial causes: Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus
- Fungal causes: Candida species
Pathological Characteristics
IE leads to the formation of vegetations composed of fibrin, platelets, and microorganisms. These can embolize and cause systemic complications.
Gross and Microscopic Features
Macroscopically, infected valves appear thickened and irregular. Microscopically, inflammatory infiltrates, fibrin deposits, and bacterial colonies are observed.
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis relies on the modified Duke criteria, incorporating blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical signs.
Complications
- Heart failure due to valve destruction
- Septic embolism leading to stroke or organ infarction
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