Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia

Overview

Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. A deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, a condition characterized by large, immature red blood cells.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

• Vitamin B12 deficiency results from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption (e.g., pernicious anemia, Crohn’s disease), or increased demand.
• Folate deficiency can occur due to poor nutrition, alcoholism, pregnancy, or medications such as methotrexate.

Clinical Features

• Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and glossitis.
• Neurological manifestations (specific to B12 deficiency) include paresthesia, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves complete blood count (CBC), serum B12 and folate levels, and peripheral blood smear revealing macrocytosis.

Management

• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Parenteral or high-dose oral B12 supplementation.
• Folate deficiency: Dietary improvements and folic acid supplementation.

Conclusion

Early detection and treatment of B12 and folate deficiencies are crucial to prevent long-term complications.